The small words CUET blanks most often: a, an and the; the preposition a word always takes; and the modals can, must, should, may and the rest. This lesson teaches the sound rule for a and an, when the takes over and when no article is needed, the fixed prepositions behind most questions, and what each modal says.
These are fill-in-the-blank questions, NTA's "choosing the correct word", where the word in the blank is a small one: an article, a preposition or a modal. Each follows a rule you can learn once, and the wrong options are almost always the same few mistakes.
Go by the sound, not the letter.
| Takes "an": a vowel sound | Takes "a": a consonant sound |
|---|---|
| an hour, an honest man (silent h) | a university, a European, a useful tip ("yoo") |
| an MBA, an SSC exam ("em", "es") | a one-rupee coin ("wun") |
| an umbrella, an engineer | a unique idea, a uniform |
Example 1 · Two blanks, two rules
Choose the articles that fill the blanks.
He took ______ umbrella, but it was ______ useless one with a hole in it.
Options: an, an; a, a; the, an; an, a.
"Umbrella" begins with a vowel sound, "um", so the first blank is "an". That strikes "a, a".
"Useless" begins with a "yoo" sound, a consonant sound, so the second blank is "a". That strikes "an, an" and "the, an".
"An, a". The letter u is the same in both words; the sounds are not.
| At | On | In |
|---|---|---|
| a clock time: at six | a day or date: on Monday, on 15 August | a month, year or season: in March, in 2027 |
| a point: at the gate, at the station | a surface: on the table, on the wall | inside a space: in the room, in my pocket |
For and since: for a length of time (for ten years), since a starting point (since 2016). In time and on time: in time means early enough; on time means at the planned time. By and on: by bus, by train, but on foot.
Most preposition questions test a fixed pair. These come up again and again:
| Word | Preposition | Word | Preposition |
|---|---|---|---|
| good, clever | at | afraid, fond, proud, capable | of |
| interested | in | depend, insist, congratulate | on |
| different, abstain, suffer | from | comply, cope, agree (a person) | with |
| senior, junior, superior, prefer | to | married, addicted | to |
| famous, responsible | for | accused | of (charged with) |
| divide (into parts) | into | consist (of parts) | of |
Three verbs take no preposition at all: discuss the plan (not "discuss about"), reach the station (not "reach at"), enter the room (not "enter into").
Exam shortcut
Senior, junior, superior and inferior are comparisons, but they take "to", not "than": "senior to me". Older, taller and better take "than".
| Modal | What it says | Example |
|---|---|---|
| can, could | ability (could: in the past) | She can swim. When I was five, I could read. |
| may, might | possibility; may also asks permission | It may rain. May I come in? |
| must | a duty or rule; also a firm conclusion | You must wear a helmet. She must be tired. |
| must not | something forbidden | You must not touch that wire. |
| need not, do not have to | something unnecessary | You need not bring food. |
| should, ought to | advice, the right thing to do | You should see a doctor. |
| should have | a regret about the past | You should have told me. |
| can't | something impossible | That can't be Meena; she is in Kolkata. |
| would, used to | a past habit (used to also for states) | She would tell us stories. I used to have long hair. |
"Ought" is the only modal that takes "to". After every other modal, the verb is plain: can go, must leave, never "can goes" or "must to leave".
Example 2 · Must not or need not
Choose the word that fills the blank.
You ______ bring any food; lunch will be provided.
Options: must not; cannot; need not; should.
The second half gives the reason: lunch is provided, so bringing food is not necessary.
"Must not" would forbid it, and nothing in the sentence forbids bringing food.
"Need not". Must not means "do not"; need not means "you do not have to".
Articles
Prepositions
Modals
The verb forms after each modal are in tenses and agreement.
80 questions, grouped by type, easy to hard. Pick an answer and check it. The worked solution opens when you ask for it.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
We waited for ______ hour at the bus stop.
AnswerB · an
"Hour" begins with a silent h, so it starts with a vowel sound: "an hour".
Worth noting
"A" goes by the spelling, which begins with a consonant. The choice between "a" and "an" goes by the sound.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
She is studying at ______ university in Delhi.
AnswerC · a
"University" begins with a "yoo" sound, which is a consonant sound, so it takes "a": "a university".
Worth noting
"An" goes by the letter u, which is a vowel. But the sound decides, and "yoo" is not a vowel sound.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
______ sun sets in the west.
AnswerA · The
There is only one sun, so it takes "the". So do the moon, the sky and the earth.
Worth noting
"A sun" would mean one of many suns. For something unique, "the" is used.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
Mount Everest is ______ highest mountain in the world.
AnswerD · the
A superlative such as "highest", "best" or "most famous" takes "the": "the highest mountain".
Worth noting
Only one mountain can be the highest, so "a highest" is never right.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
My brother is learning to play ______ flute.
AnswerB · the
With "play", a musical instrument takes "the": play the flute, the guitar, the tabla.
Worth noting
"A" would mean one flute among many. With "play", the instrument is named as a kind, and takes "the".
Choose the article that fills the blank.
We play ______ cricket every Sunday.
AnswerD · no article
Names of games and sports take no article: play cricket, play chess, play football.
Worth noting
"The" is right for instruments ("play the sitar") but not for games.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
He is ______ honest man; he will return your wallet.
AnswerA · an
The h in "honest" is silent, so the word begins with a vowel sound: "an honest man".
Worth noting
"A" goes by the letter h. The sound, "onest", decides.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
I saw a dog in the park. ______ dog was chasing a ball.
AnswerC · The
The dog has already been mentioned, so the second time it takes "the": "the dog".
Worth noting
"A dog" is for the first mention. Once we know which dog, it becomes "the dog".
Choose the article that fills the blank.
The Ganga flows into ______ Bay of Bengal.
AnswerD · the
Seas, bays, oceans and rivers take "the": the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Ganga.
Worth noting
Place names often take no article ("Kolkata"), which tempts "no article". Bodies of water take "the".
Choose the article that fills the blank.
We usually have ______ dinner at eight o'clock.
AnswerB · no article
The names of meals take no article when we talk about them in general: have breakfast, have lunch, have dinner.
Worth noting
"The dinner" is right only for a particular meal, as in "the dinner at the wedding was excellent".
Choose the article that fills the blank.
______ rich should help the poor.
AnswerC · The
"The" before an adjective can mean a whole group of people: the rich, the poor, the old, the young.
Worth noting
"Rich should help" has no noun for "rich" to describe. "The rich" means rich people as a group.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
She wants to become ______ engineer like her mother.
AnswerA · an
A job after "become" takes "a" or "an", and "engineer" begins with a vowel sound: "an engineer".
Worth noting
"No article" is the trap: in English, a job always takes an article after "be" or "become".
Choose the article that fills the blank.
He was ______ first student to finish the test.
AnswerD · the
Order words such as first, second and last take "the": "the first student".
Worth noting
"A first student" does not work. Only one student can be the first.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
______ honesty is the best policy.
AnswerB · No article
An abstract quality spoken of in general takes no article: honesty, courage, kindness.
Worth noting
"The honesty" would point to someone's particular honesty, as in "the honesty of the shopkeeper surprised us".
Choose the article that fills the blank.
They travelled across ______ Himalayas on foot.
AnswerC · the
Mountain ranges take "the": the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Alps.
Worth noting
A single mountain takes no article, as in "Mount Everest", which is why "no article" tempts. A range takes "the".
Choose the article that fills the blank.
What ______ lovely garden you have!
AnswerA · a
"What" before a singular noun that can be counted takes "a" or "an": "what a lovely garden".
Worth noting
"An" is for a vowel sound, and "lovely" begins with a consonant sound.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
He got ______ MBA from a college in Bengaluru.
AnswerB · an
"MBA" is read letter by letter, and M is said "em", which begins with a vowel sound: "an MBA".
Worth noting
M is a consonant letter, which tempts "a". The sound "em" decides.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
The children go to ______ school by bus.
AnswerD · no article
When we go to school, church, hospital or bed for its usual purpose, there is no article: "go to school".
Worth noting
"Go to the school" means going to the building for another reason, as a parent going to a meeting might.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
She gave me ______ one-rupee coin for the phone.
AnswerC · a
"One" begins with a "w" sound, which is a consonant sound, so it takes "a": "a one-rupee coin".
Worth noting
"One" begins with the vowel letter o, which tempts "an". The sound "wun" decides.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
My uncle works as ______ European history teacher.
AnswerA · a
"European" begins with a "yoo" sound, a consonant sound, so it takes "a": "a European history teacher".
Worth noting
The letter E tempts "an", but the sound is "yoo", as in "a university" and "a useful tip".
Choose the articles that fill the blanks.
______ Hindu is ______ newspaper printed in Chennai.
AnswerD · The, a
The names of many newspapers take "the": "The Hindu". The second blank is one newspaper among many, so "a".
Worth noting
"The, the" would make it the only newspaper printed in Chennai, which it is not.
Choose the articles that fill the blanks.
He took ______ umbrella, but it was ______ useless one with a hole in it.
AnswerC · an, a
"Umbrella" begins with a vowel sound, so "an umbrella". "Useless" begins with a "yoo" sound, a consonant sound, so "a useless one".
Worth noting
"An, an" goes by the letter u both times. The sounds differ: "um" and "yoos".
Choose the article that fills the blank.
It was ______ unique experience for the whole team.
AnswerB · a
"Unique" begins with a "yoo" sound, which is a consonant sound, so it takes "a": "a unique experience".
Worth noting
The letter u tempts "an". The sound decides, as in "a university" and "a useful tip".
Choose the articles that fill the blanks.
______ Netherlands is ______ small country in Europe.
AnswerA · The, a
A country whose name is plural, or includes a word like "states" or "kingdom", takes "the": the Netherlands, the USA. The second blank is one country among many, so "a".
Worth noting
Most countries take no article ("India is a large country"), which tempts "no article". A plural name is the exception.
Choose the article that fills the blank.
Kalidasa is often called ______ Shakespeare of India.
AnswerA · the
When a famous name is used to describe someone else as its equal in one place, it takes "the": "the Shakespeare of India".
Worth noting
"No article" is right for Shakespeare himself. Used for a second person, the name becomes a title and takes "the".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The shop opens ______ nine o'clock.
AnswerD · at
A clock time takes "at": at nine o'clock, at noon, at midnight.
Worth noting
"In" is for months and years, and "on" for days and dates.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
My birthday is ______ Monday this year.
AnswerC · on
A day of the week takes "on": on Monday, on Sunday.
Worth noting
"At" is for clock times and "in" for months, years and seasons.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The exams begin ______ March.
AnswerB · in
A month takes "in": in March, in the summer, in 2027.
Worth noting
"On" is for a day or a date, as in "on 3 March". A month alone takes "in".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
She is very good ______ drawing.
AnswerC · at
English says "good at" a skill: good at drawing, good at maths.
Worth noting
"Good in" is a common mistake from translating. The fixed phrase is "good at".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
My little brother is afraid ______ the dark.
AnswerB · of
"Afraid" is followed by "of": afraid of the dark, afraid of dogs.
Worth noting
"Afraid from" is a common mistake from translating. The fixed phrase is "afraid of".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
We have lived in this house ______ ten years.
AnswerA · for
"For" is used with a length of time: for ten years, for two days.
Worth noting
"Since" is used with a starting point, as in "since 2016". Ten years is a length, not a point.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
He has been ill ______ Monday.
AnswerD · since
"Since" is used with the point when something began: since Monday, since 2020.
Worth noting
"For" needs a length of time, such as "for three days". Monday is a starting point.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
She goes to college ______ bus.
AnswerB · by
A way of travelling takes "by": by bus, by train, by car.
Worth noting
"On bus" is a common mistake. We say "on the bus" or "by bus", and "on foot" for walking.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The keys are ______ the table, next to the lamp.
AnswerA · on
Something resting on a surface is "on" it: on the table, on the floor.
Worth noting
"In" would put the keys inside the table, as in a drawer.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
I always keep a pen ______ my shirt pocket.
AnswerC · in
Something inside a space, such as a pocket, a bag or a room, is "in" it: in my pocket.
Worth noting
"On" is for a surface, as in "on the table". A pen in a pocket is inside it, not on it.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
My sister is interested ______ astronomy.
AnswerD · in
"Interested" is followed by "in": interested in music, interested in science.
Worth noting
"Interested about" and "interested on" are common mistakes. The fixed phrase is "interested in".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
I prefer tea ______ coffee.
AnswerA · to
"Prefer" takes "to" when it compares two things: prefer tea to coffee.
Worth noting
"Than" is the trap. It follows a comparative like "better" or "rather", but "prefer" takes "to".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
This phone is different ______ the one I ordered.
AnswerC · from
"Different" is followed by "from" in careful English: different from the one I ordered.
Worth noting
"Different with" and "different of" are not used. "From" shows the gap between two things.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The divide ______ the two brothers grew wider each year.
AnswerD · between
"Between" is used for two people or things: between the two brothers.
Worth noting
"Among" is used for three or more, as in "among the five friends".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
He shared the sweets ______ all the children in the class.
AnswerB · among
"Among" is used for a group of three or more: among all the children.
Worth noting
"Between" is for two. A whole class is many children.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The success of the fair depends ______ the weather.
AnswerD · on
"Depend" is followed by "on": depends on the weather, depends on you.
Worth noting
"Depends of" and "depends from" are translations from other languages. English uses "on".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The teacher congratulated her ______ winning the debate.
AnswerA · on
"Congratulate" is followed by "on": congratulated her on winning.
Worth noting
"Congratulated for" is a common mistake. We thank someone for something but congratulate them on it.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The house consists ______ three rooms and a kitchen.
AnswerC · of
"Consist" in this sense is followed by "of": consists of three rooms.
Worth noting
"Consist in" exists but means "have as its main part", as in "happiness consists in being content". Listing parts takes "of".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
We reached the station just ______ time to catch the train.
AnswerB · in
"In time" means early enough for something: in time to catch the train.
Worth noting
"On time" means at the planned time, as in "the train left on time". Here the point is being early enough.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
She is senior ______ me by two years.
AnswerC · to
Latin comparatives such as senior, junior, superior and inferior take "to", not "than": senior to me.
Worth noting
"Than" is the trap. It follows "older" ("older than me"), but "senior" takes "to".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
Besides English, she speaks Tamil and Hindi. She is fond ______ languages.
AnswerB · of
"Fond" is followed by "of": fond of languages, fond of music.
Worth noting
"Fond for" is a common mistake. The fixed phrase is "fond of".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The thief was accused ______ stealing a bicycle.
AnswerD · of
"Accused" is followed by "of": accused of stealing.
Worth noting
"Charged" takes "with" ("charged with theft"), which is why "with" tempts. "Accused" takes "of".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
Patients are advised to abstain ______ fried food.
AnswerA · from
"Abstain" is followed by "from": abstain from fried food, abstain from voting.
Worth noting
"Abstain of" is a guess from "free of". The fixed phrase is "abstain from".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
All shops must comply ______ the new safety rules.
AnswerB · with
"Comply" is followed by "with": comply with the rules.
Worth noting
"Comply to" is a common mistake, perhaps from "agree to". The fixed phrase is "comply with".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
She insisted ______ paying for everyone's lunch.
AnswerC · on
"Insist" is followed by "on": insisted on paying.
Worth noting
"Insisted to pay" is a common mistake. "Insist" takes "on" with an -ing word.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The old fort is famous ______ its painted ceilings.
AnswerD · for
"Famous" is followed by "for" and the reason it is known: famous for its ceilings.
Worth noting
"Famous of" is a common mistake. We say "proud of" but "famous for".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
He is married ______ a doctor from Lucknow.
AnswerA · to
"Married" is followed by "to": married to a doctor.
Worth noting
"Married with" is a common mistake from translating. English says "married to".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
Her new job is far superior ______ her old one.
AnswerA · to
"Superior", like "senior" and "inferior", takes "to", not "than": superior to her old one.
Worth noting
"Than" follows "better" ("better than her old one"), which is why it tempts. "Superior" takes "to".
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
The money was divided ______ four equal parts.
AnswerB · into
Splitting something into pieces takes "into": divided into four parts.
Worth noting
"Among" would say who got the money, as in "divided among the four sons". Here the sentence names the parts.
Choose the preposition that fills the blank.
He is still suffering ______ a bad cold.
AnswerC · from
"Suffer" is followed by "from": suffering from a cold.
Worth noting
"Suffering of" is a translation from other languages. The fixed phrase is "suffering from".
Choose the word that fills the blank.
My grandfather is eighty, but he ______ still climb the hill behind our house.
AnswerD · can
The sentence is about what he is able to do, and ability takes "can".
Worth noting
"Must" would make climbing a duty, and "should" would make it advice. The sentence is about his ability.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
You have a high fever. You ______ see a doctor today.
AnswerB · should
Advice about what is the right thing to do takes "should": you should see a doctor.
Worth noting
"Need not" says the visit is unnecessary, which is the opposite of the advice a fever calls for.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
Passengers ______ not smoke on the train; it is against the law.
AnswerA · must
A rule that forbids something takes "must not": passengers must not smoke.
Worth noting
"Need not" means it is not necessary, which says nothing about a law against it.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
______ I borrow your pen for a minute, please?
AnswerC · May
Asking for permission politely takes "may" (or "can"): may I borrow your pen?
Worth noting
"Must I" asks whether something is required, not whether it is allowed.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
When I was five, I ______ read, but I could not write.
AnswerD · could
Ability in the past takes "could": when I was five, I could read.
Worth noting
"Can" is present. "When I was five" puts the sentence in the past, as does the second "could".
Choose the word that fills the blank.
You ______ bring any food; lunch will be provided.
AnswerC · need not
"Need not" says something is not necessary: you do not have to bring food because lunch is provided.
Worth noting
"Must not" would forbid bringing food. The sentence says only that there is no need.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
Take an umbrella. It ______ rain later this afternoon.
AnswerD · may
A possibility, something that could happen but is not sure, takes "may": it may rain.
Worth noting
"Must" would mean the rain is certain, and nobody can be certain of rain later.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
We ______ to respect our elders.
AnswerB · ought
"Ought" is the only modal that takes "to" before its verb: "we ought to respect". "Ought to" gives advice or a duty, like "should".
Worth noting
"Should" has the right meaning, but "should to respect" is wrong. The "to" in the sentence fits only "ought".
Choose the word that fills the blank.
She has been working all night. She ______ be very tired.
AnswerA · must
A firm conclusion from the facts takes "must": after a night of work, she must be tired.
Worth noting
"Ought be" leaves out the "to" that "ought" always needs, and "may not be" goes against the facts given.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
That ______ be Meena at the door; she is in Kolkata this week.
AnswerD · can't
The speaker is sure it is impossible, because Meena is in another city. That takes "can't": that can't be Meena.
Worth noting
"Must" means the opposite: that the speaker is sure it is her.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
When we lived in the village, we ______ swim in the river every summer.
AnswerA · used to
A past habit that has stopped takes "used to" with the plain verb: we used to swim.
Worth noting
"Are used to" means being familiar with something now, as in "we are used to the heat". "Use to" without the d is used only after "did".
Choose the word that fills the blank.
______ you please close the window? It is cold.
AnswerB · Would
A polite request takes "would you" (or "could you"): would you please close the window?
Worth noting
"Must you" asks why someone has to do something, often with annoyance. It is not a request.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
You ______ have told me you were coming; I would have cooked something.
AnswerC · should
A regret about something that did not happen in the past takes "should have": you should have told me.
Worth noting
"Must have told me" is a firm conclusion that you did tell me, which is the opposite of what happened.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
The road is wet. It ______ have rained last night.
AnswerC · must
A firm conclusion about the past from the facts takes "must have": the road is wet, so it must have rained.
Worth noting
"Should have rained" would mean the rain was expected or wanted but did not come.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
In our school, students ______ wear a uniform; it is a rule.
AnswerA · have to
A rule that must be followed takes "have to" (or "must"): students have to wear a uniform.
Worth noting
"May" and "might" make it a possibility or a permission, but the sentence says it is a rule.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
He ______ not come to the party; he has not replied yet.
AnswerB · might
Something uncertain, that may or may not happen, takes "might": he might not come.
Worth noting
"Must not come" would forbid him from coming. The sentence only says it is uncertain.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
______ you like another cup of tea?
AnswerD · Would
A polite offer takes "would you like": would you like another cup of tea?
Worth noting
"Can you like" is not used: liking is not an ability. "Should you like" is old and formal.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
You ______ have bought so much milk; we already had two packets.
AnswerC · need not
"Need not have" with a past participle means something was done but was not necessary: you need not have bought it.
Worth noting
"Must not have bought" is a guess that it was not bought. "Should have bought" would say buying it was right.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
The thief ______ have entered through the window; it is still locked from inside.
AnswerA · can't
The locked window makes it impossible, and an impossible past takes "can't have": he can't have entered that way.
Worth noting
"Must have entered" is a firm conclusion that he did, and the locked window proves the opposite.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
He ______ not speak to his father in that rude tone; he knew he would be punished.
AnswerB · dared
"Dared not" means he did not have the courage to do something: he dared not speak rudely, because he knew the punishment.
Worth noting
"Should not" is advice, and "need not" says something is unnecessary. The reason given, fear of punishment, is about courage.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
If you had asked me earlier, I ______ have helped you.
AnswerD · could
An ability in a past that did not happen takes "could have": if you had asked, I could have helped.
Worth noting
"Can have" is not used for the past. "Must have helped" would mean the speaker is sure they did help.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
You ______ touch that wire; it carries a live current.
AnswerA · must not
A strong warning that forbids something takes "must not": you must not touch that wire.
Worth noting
"Do not have to" means it is not necessary, which is a much weaker thing to say about a live wire.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
When we were children, our grandmother ______ tell us a story every night.
AnswerB · would
A repeated action in the past can take "would": she would tell us a story every night. It means the same as "used to".
Worth noting
"Should" is for advice and "must" for a duty. Neither describes something that happened again and again.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
______ he be allowed to sit the exam after missing so many classes?
AnswerC · Should
A question about whether something is the right thing to do takes "should": should he be allowed?
Worth noting
"Ought" has the right meaning but needs "to": "ought he to be allowed". "Must he be allowed" asks whether it is required, which is not the question.
Choose the word that fills the blank.
I ______ have long hair when I was in school.
AnswerD · used to
A past state that is no longer true takes "used to": I used to have long hair.
Worth noting
"Would" can describe a past habit, but only an action repeated, as in "she would tell us a story every night". Having long hair is a state, not an action.
NTA's English syllabus is one page. It names two skill areas: Reading Comprehension, with three kinds of passage of at most 300 words each (factual, narrative and literary), and Verbal Ability, with four item types (rearranging the parts, match the following, choosing the correct word, synonyms and antonyms). It says the questions are not limited to these, and prints no chapters and no split of the 50 questions. So the chapters here are ours. Reading is split by the kind of passage, because a poem is not read the way a report is. Verbal Ability is split into three areas of our own: Vocabulary, Sentence & paragraph order, and Grammar & usage. Where a chapter covers something past NTA's short list, it says so, and it is there because the papers since 2022 have asked it.