Panchayati Raj institutions were given constitutional status by

Explanation

1. 01

   The 73rd Amendment of 1992 inserted Part IX and gave panchayats constitutional standing.

2. 02

   The 74th Amendment, passed the same year, did the same for municipalities through Part IXA.

3. 03

   Before 1992 panchayats existed only as a Directive Principle under Article 40 and in State law.