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Environment & Climate

Conservation decisions, climate meetings and environmental reports of the last twelve months.

These questions change through the year. A question stays for twelve months; the story behind it stays in the weekly digest.

Read the current-affairs digests →

Group: Current AffairsUnder NTA's headingGeneral Knowledge, Current Affairs

The area names are NTA's. The chapters inside them are EduFarming's own division, not NTA's.

The questions

Practise this chapter

45 questions, each with its answer and a worked explanation. Do them timed, or read through.

Question 1

EasyOriginal question

Glaw Lake, designated a Ramsar Site in August 2026, is a first for which state?

  1. AAssam
  2. BManipur
  3. CArunachal Pradesh
  4. DSikkim

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. Glaw Lake is Arunachal Pradesh's first Ramsar Site, and it took India's tally to 101

  2. It is a freshwater lake in the Eastern Himalayas, lying within the Kamlang Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary

Concept
Ramsar sites and the states
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 2

HardOriginal question

Glaw Lake lies within which protected area?

  1. ANamdapha National Park
  2. BMouling National Park
  3. CPakke Tiger Reserve
  4. DKamlang Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. The announcement places the lake inside the Kamlang Tiger Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary

  2. A wetland can sit inside another protected area and still be listed separately, because the Ramsar designation protects the wetland for what it is rather than for where it sits

Concept
Overlapping protected designations
Typical time
55 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 3

MediumOriginal question

How has the number of Ramsar Sites in India changed between 2014 and August 2026?

  1. AFrom 26 to 64
  2. BFrom 26 to 101
  3. CFrom 46 to 101
  4. DFrom 64 to 82

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. The count went from 26 in 2014 to 101 by August 2026

  2. A running total like this changes with every new designation, so the date it was true on matters as much as the number does

Concept
Growth of India's Ramsar network
Typical time
45 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 4

EasyOriginal question

According to the Environment Ministry in July 2026, how large is India's network of tiger reserves?

  1. A58 tiger reserves in 18 States
  2. B58 tiger reserves in 20 States
  3. C54 tiger reserves in 18 States
  4. D51 tiger reserves in 20 States

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. Project Tiger now runs a network of 58 tiger reserves across 18 tiger-range States.

  2. Together they cover about 84,500 square kilometres, about 2.56% of India's geographical area.

  3. 20 is the number of States the All India Tiger Estimation of 2022 covered. 51 is the number of reserves assessed for management effectiveness by 2022.

Concept
India's tiger reserve network
Typical time
35 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 5

MediumOriginal question

International Tiger Day, marked every 29 July, traces its origin to which meeting?

  1. AThe Saint Petersburg Tiger Summit of November 2010
  2. BThe Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment of 1972
  3. CThe Rio Earth Summit of 1992
  4. DThe Paris climate conference of 2015

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. International Tiger Day goes back to the Saint Petersburg Tiger Summit of November 2010.

  2. That summit adopted the Tx2 goal, to double the world's wild tiger population by 2022.

Concept
The origin of International Tiger Day
Typical time
35 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 6

MediumOriginal question

The International Big Cat Alliance, whose establishment the Union Cabinet approved in March 2024, works to conserve how many species of big cat?

  1. AFive
  2. BSeven
  3. CNine
  4. DThirteen

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. The Alliance covers seven big cats: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar and puma.

  2. The Cabinet approved its establishment on 12 March 2024. By July 2026 it had grown into a coalition of 95 big cat range and partner countries.

  3. Thirteen is a tiger number, not a big cat number: it is the count of tiger-range countries that met at Saint Petersburg in 2010.

Concept
The International Big Cat Alliance
Typical time
35 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 7

EasyOriginal question

Where was COP30, the UN climate conference of November 2025, held?

  1. ABaku, Azerbaijan
  2. BBelém, Brazil
  3. CDubai, UAE
  4. DRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. COP30 was held in Belém, in the Brazilian Amazon.

  2. Baku hosted COP29 and Dubai COP28; Rio hosted the 1992 Earth Summit.

Concept
Venue of COP30
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 8

MediumOriginal question

Which new mechanism established at COP30 did India call a significant milestone?

  1. AThe Loss and Damage Fund
  2. BThe Clean Development Mechanism
  3. CThe Green Climate Fund
  4. DThe Just Transition Mechanism

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. India welcomed the establishment of the Just Transition Mechanism as a foremost outcome.

  2. The Loss and Damage Fund was set up earlier, at COP27–28; the Clean Development Mechanism dates from the Kyoto Protocol.

Concept
COP30 outcomes
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 9

HardOriginal question

At COP30 India pressed developed countries on Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement. What does it concern?

  1. ADeveloped countries' obligation to provide climate finance
  2. BThe 1.5 °C temperature goal
  3. CCarbon markets between countries
  4. DThe five-yearly global stocktake

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. Article 9.1 says developed countries shall provide financial resources to help developing countries.

  2. The temperature goal is Article 2, carbon markets Article 6 and the global stocktake Article 14.

Concept
Paris Agreement Article 9.1
Typical time
65 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 10

MediumOriginal question

In its COP30 national statement, India restated its net-zero target for which year?

  1. A2047
  2. B2050
  3. C2060
  4. D2070

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. India's net-zero target is 2070, first announced at COP26 in Glasgow.

  2. 2047 is the Viksit Bharat target, a development goal rather than an emissions one.

Concept
India's net-zero year
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 11

MediumOriginal question

According to the Environment Ministry's 2025 year-end review, how many protected areas does India have?

  1. A106
  2. B309
  3. C745
  4. D1,134

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. Protected areas numbered 1,134 in 2025, up from 745 in 2014.

  2. 309 is the number of community reserves within that network.

Concept
India's protected-area network
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 12

EasyOriginal question

How many elephant reserves did India have in 2025, according to the Environment Ministry?

  1. A15
  2. B26
  3. C33
  4. D58

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. Elephant reserves rose to 33 in 2025, from 26 in 2014.

  2. 58 is the number of tiger reserves, and 15 the number of states with identified elephant corridors.

Concept
Elephant reserves in India
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 13

MediumOriginal question

Into which sanctuary were cheetahs introduced in 2025, in Project Cheetah's expansion phase?

  1. AKuno National Park
  2. BBanni Grasslands
  3. CGandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
  4. DNauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. Cheetahs were introduced into Gandhi Sagar in 2025.

  2. Kuno was the first home of the project, from 2022; Nauradehi and Banni are the planned next sites.

Concept
Project Cheetah expansion
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 14

HardOriginal question

From which country did India receive a batch of eight cheetahs in 2025?

  1. ABotswana
  2. BNamibia
  3. CSouth Africa
  4. DKenya

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. The 2025 batch of eight cheetahs came from Botswana.

  2. The first two batches, in 2022 and 2023, came from Namibia and South Africa.

Concept
Source of cheetahs, 2025
Typical time
65 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 15

EasyOriginal question

Chhari-Dhand, designated a Ramsar site in January 2026, is in which state?

  1. ARajasthan
  2. BUttar Pradesh
  3. CMadhya Pradesh
  4. DGujarat

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. Chhari-Dhand is in Kutch district, Gujarat.

  2. The other January 2026 site, Patna Bird Sanctuary, is in Uttar Pradesh.

Concept
Chhari-Dhand Ramsar site
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 16

MediumOriginal question

Patna Bird Sanctuary, a Ramsar site from January 2026, is in which state — despite its name?

  1. ABihar
  2. BUttar Pradesh
  3. CJharkhand
  4. DWest Bengal

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. Patna Bird Sanctuary is in Etah district of Uttar Pradesh.

  2. It takes its name from Patna village in Etah, not from the capital of Bihar.

Worth noting

A place name that matches a famous city is the trap. Read the district.

Concept
Patna Bird Sanctuary
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 17

MediumOriginal question

With the two sites added in January 2026, how many Ramsar sites did India have?

  1. A85
  2. B91
  3. C98
  4. D101

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. The two additions took India to 98 Ramsar sites, from 26 in 2014.

  2. The count kept rising through 2026, so the total depends on the date asked about.

Concept
Ramsar sites, January 2026
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 18

EasyOriginal question

What was the theme of Earth Day 2026?

  1. APlanet vs. Plastics
  2. BInvest in Our Planet
  3. COur Power, Our Planet
  4. DRestore Our Earth

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. The 2026 theme was 'Our Power, Our Planet'.

  2. It repeated the 2025 theme; 'Planet vs. Plastics' was 2024 and 'Invest in Our Planet' 2023.

Concept
Earth Day 2026
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 19

MediumOriginal question

On which date is Earth Day observed every year?

  1. A22 March
  2. B22 April
  3. C5 June
  4. D16 September

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. Earth Day falls on 22 April.

  2. 5 June is World Environment Day, 22 March World Water Day and 16 September World Ozone Day.

Concept
Environmental days
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 20

MediumOriginal question

Under India's NDC for 2031-35, approved in March 2026, by how much is the emissions intensity of GDP to fall below the 2005 level by 2035?

  1. A33–35 per cent
  2. B45 per cent
  3. C47 per cent
  4. D60 per cent

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. The 2031-35 NDC sets a 47 per cent cut in emissions intensity by 2035.

  2. 33–35 per cent was the 2015 target for 2030, and 60 per cent is the non-fossil capacity target.

Concept
NDC 2031-35: emissions intensity
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 21

EasyOriginal question

What share of installed electricity capacity is India's 2031-35 NDC aiming to have from non-fossil sources by 2035?

  1. A40 per cent
  2. B50 per cent
  3. C60 per cent
  4. D75 per cent

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. The target is a 60 per cent non-fossil share by 2035.

  2. 40 per cent was the earlier target, met years ahead of 2030.

Concept
NDC 2031-35: non-fossil capacity
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 22

MediumOriginal question

What additional carbon sink through forest and tree cover does India's NDC for 2031-35 aim to create by 2035?

  1. A2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent
  2. B3.5 to 4.0 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent
  3. C1.5 to 2.0 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent
  4. D5.0 to 6.0 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. The new target is 3.5 to 4.0 billion tonnes by 2035.

  2. The earlier NDC's goal was 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes by 2030.

Concept
NDC 2031-35: carbon sink
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 23

HardOriginal question

By February 2026, what share of India's installed electricity capacity came from non-fossil sources, according to the NDC release?

  1. A40.12 per cent
  2. B47.00 per cent
  3. C52.57 per cent
  4. D60.00 per cent

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. Non-fossil capacity had reached 52.57 per cent by February 2026.

  2. That meets the updated 50 per cent target for 2030 five years early; 60 per cent is the new 2035 goal.

Concept
Non-fossil capacity achieved
Typical time
65 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 24

MediumOriginal question

The Delhi-NCR vehicle scheme of June 2026 helps owners replace trucks and buses of which emission norms?

  1. ABS-VI
  2. BBS-V only
  3. CBS-IV or older
  4. DElectric vehicles

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. It targets BS-IV or older trucks and buses, to be replaced by BS-VI or electric ones.

  2. India skipped BS-V and moved from BS-IV to BS-VI in 2020.

Concept
Delhi-NCR old vehicle scheme
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 25

MediumOriginal question

Through which body is the June 2026 scheme to replace old trucks and buses in Delhi-NCR funded?

  1. AThe Central Pollution Control Board
  2. BThe Commission for Air Quality Management
  3. CThe National Green Tribunal
  4. DThe National Capital Region Planning Board

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. It is funded through the NCR Planning Board under the Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry.

  2. Road Transport and Petroleum ministries implement it.

Concept
Delhi-NCR scheme funding
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 26

HardOriginal question

What is the total outlay of the Delhi-NCR truck and bus replacement scheme approved in June 2026?

  1. A₹1,601 crore
  2. B₹5,041 crore
  3. C₹9,585 crore
  4. D₹10,000 crore

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. The total is ₹9,585 crore.

  2. ₹5,041 crore is the Centre's share and about ₹1,601 crore the states' tax concessions.

Concept
Delhi-NCR scheme outlay
Typical time
65 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 27

MediumOriginal question

India's first port-based e-methanol plant is being built at which port?

  1. AJawaharlal Nehru Port, Navi Mumbai
  2. BV. O. Chidambaranar Port, Thoothukudi
  3. CDeendayal Port, Kandla
  4. DParadip Port, Odisha

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. The plant is at the Deendayal Port Authority in Kandla, Gujarat.

  2. It will supply green fuel to ships on the Asia–Europe route.

Concept
e-methanol plant
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 28

HardOriginal question

Kandla port, renamed in 2017, lies on which body of water?

  1. AThe Gulf of Khambhat
  2. BThe Gulf of Kutch
  3. CThe Gulf of Mannar
  4. DThe Palk Strait

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. Kandla, now Deendayal Port, is on the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat.

  2. The Gulf of Khambhat is also in Gujarat, to the south-east.

Concept
Kandla's location
Typical time
65 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 29

MediumOriginal question

Where was the 70th meeting of the International Whaling Commission held, in 2026?

  1. ATokyo, Japan
  2. BReykjavik, Iceland
  3. COslo, Norway
  4. DHobart, Australia

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. IWC-70 met in Hobart, Tasmania, from 28 September to 2 October 2026.

  2. Japan, Iceland and Norway are the countries best known for whaling.

Concept
IWC-70 venue
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 30

HardOriginal question

The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, under which the IWC was set up, was signed in which year?

  1. A1946
  2. B1972
  3. C1982
  4. D1992

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. It was signed in Washington, D.C., on 2 December 1946 — 80 years before IWC-70.

  2. 1982 is the year the IWC agreed the moratorium on commercial whaling.

Concept
Whaling convention
Typical time
65 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 31

EasyOriginal question

What minimum tiger population did the All India Tiger Estimation 2022 report, released in April 2023?

  1. A2,226
  2. B2,967
  3. C3,167
  4. D3,682

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. The fifth cycle of the estimation put the minimum at 3,167 tigers.

  2. 2,967 was the 2018 estimate; 3,682 was the later average estimate for 2022.

Concept
Tiger count 2022
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 32

MediumOriginal question

Which of these is NOT one of the seven big cats the International Big Cat Alliance covers?

  1. ALynx
  2. BJaguar
  3. CPuma
  4. DSnow leopard

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. The seven are tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar and puma.

  2. The lynx is not among them.

Concept
International Big Cat Alliance
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 33

MediumOriginal question

Which city hosted COP28, where the first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement was concluded in December 2023?

  1. ADubai
  2. BBaku
  3. CGlasgow
  4. DSharm el-Sheikh

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. COP28 was held in Dubai, UAE, and closed on 13 December 2023.

  2. COP27 was at Sharm el-Sheikh (2022), COP29 at Baku (2024) and COP26 at Glasgow (2021).

Concept
COP28
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
unfccc.int

Question 34

MediumOriginal question

What annual climate finance goal for developing countries did COP29 agree for 2035?

  1. AAt least US$300 billion
  2. BUS$100 billion
  3. CUS$1.3 trillion from developed countries alone
  4. DUS$50 billion

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. Developed countries are to lead in providing at least US$300 billion a year by 2035.

  2. US$1.3 trillion is the wider target for finance from all public and private sources.

Concept
COP29 finance goal
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
unfccc.int

Question 35

MediumOriginal question

By about how much did the WMO say 2024's global average temperature exceeded the 1850–1900 average?

  1. A0.85°C
  2. B1.1°C
  3. C1.55°C
  4. D2.0°C

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. The WMO put 2024 at about 1.55°C (±0.13°C) above the 1850–1900 average.

  2. That makes it likely the first calendar year above 1.5°C.

Concept
2024, the warmest year
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
wmo.int

Question 36

MediumOriginal question

Which country led the initiative for the ICJ advisory opinion on climate change delivered in July 2025?

  1. ATuvalu
  2. BVanuatu
  3. CMaldives
  4. DFiji

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. Vanuatu announced in 2021 that it would seek the opinion; the General Assembly asked for it in March 2023.

  2. The Court delivered it unanimously on 23 July 2025.

Concept
ICJ climate opinion
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
news.un.org

Question 37

MediumOriginal question

On what date does the High Seas (BBNJ) Treaty enter into force?

  1. A19 September 2025
  2. B1 January 2026
  3. C17 January 2026
  4. D8 June 2026

Correct answer: C

Explanation

  1. With 60 ratifications reached on 19 September 2025, it enters into force on 17 January 2026.

  2. It was adopted in June 2023.

Concept
High Seas Treaty in force
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
news.un.org

Question 38

MediumOriginal question

The tigress released in Buxa Tiger Reserve in October 2026 was brought from which tiger reserve?

  1. APalamau, Jharkhand
  2. BManas, Assam
  3. CSundarbans, West Bengal
  4. DValmiki, Bihar

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. Tigress T138 was brought from Valmiki Tiger Reserve in Bihar.

  2. A tiger camera-trapped in Buxa in 2023 had come on its own from Manas, in Assam.

Concept
Buxa tiger reintroduction
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 39

EasyOriginal question

Buxa Tiger Reserve is in which State?

  1. AWest Bengal
  2. BBihar
  3. CArunachal Pradesh
  4. DAssam

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. Buxa is in North Bengal and was declared a Tiger Reserve in 1983.

  2. Its forests connect with protected areas in Bhutan and Assam.

Concept
Buxa Tiger Reserve
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 40

MediumOriginal question

Where were two captive-bred Great Indian Bustards released into the wild in October 2026?

  1. AGir National Park, Gujarat
  2. BDesert National Park, Jaisalmer
  3. CRanthambore National Park, Rajasthan
  4. DKutch Bustard Sanctuary, Naliya

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. The two males were released at Sam, in the Desert National Park near Jaisalmer.

  2. Naliya, in Kutch, has a soft-release facility in Gujarat's part of the programme.

Concept
Great Indian Bustard release
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 41

EasyOriginal question

The Great Indian Bustard is the State bird of which State?

  1. AGujarat
  2. BMadhya Pradesh
  3. CMaharashtra
  4. DRajasthan

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. The Great Indian Bustard is the State bird of Rajasthan.

  2. It is Critically Endangered and protected under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.

Concept
State bird of Rajasthan
Typical time
40 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 42

MediumOriginal question

What was India's cheetah population after five cubs were born at Kuno in October 2026?

  1. A30
  2. B41
  3. C45
  4. D60

Correct answer: D

Explanation

  1. The births took the count to 60, of which 41 were born in India.

  2. The mother, KJP21, is herself India-born, the third such female to give birth.

Concept
India's cheetah count, October 2026
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 43

MediumOriginal question

The father of the five cheetah cubs born at Kuno in October 2026 came from which country?

  1. ABotswana
  2. BNamibia
  3. CSouth Africa
  4. DKenya

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. Their father is a Botswanan male, so the litter begins a Botswanan lineage in India.

  2. India's first cheetahs came from Namibia in 2022, and a second batch from South Africa in 2023.

Concept
Botswanan cheetah lineage
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 44

MediumOriginal question

The Pre-COP31 climate meetings of October 2026 were co-hosted by Australia, Tuvalu and which country?

  1. ASamoa
  2. BFiji
  3. CPapua New Guinea
  4. DVanuatu

Correct answer: B

Explanation

  1. Pre-COP31 was co-hosted by Australia, Fiji and Tuvalu; India spoke at the Leaders' Plenary in Fiji.

  2. India offered Pacific Island countries its coastal and space-based expertise.

Concept
Pre-COP31 hosts
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in

Question 45

MediumOriginal question

In climate talks, India invokes 'CBDR-RC'. What do the last two letters, RC, stand for?

  1. ARespective Capabilities
  2. BRegional Commitments
  3. CReciprocal Contributions
  4. DRenewable Capacity

Correct answer: A

Explanation

  1. CBDR-RC means Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities.

  2. The principle is in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992.

Concept
CBDR-RC
Typical time
50 seconds
Written from
pib.gov.in